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We take the time for regular inspections and maintenance of our vehicles, heating systems, and other items. However, when it comes to the health of our own bodies, many people neglect the necessary maintenance measures. Let's take a look at why we should also have health check-ups for our bodies.

Even if we maintain a healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, and regular physical activity, there is no guarantee of unrestricted health. Regular check-ups are important to detect illnesses early and rule out risk factors.

In addition to this blog post, you can find the most updated information on essential vital parameters here: Vital Parameters

General Practitioner: Your Primary Point of Contact for Healthcare Prevention

The general practitioner is the primary point of contact for healthcare prevention. It is recommended to schedule an appointment once a year, even if you feel healthy. In Austria, the annual preventive examination is recommended starting from the age of 18 to detect chronic diseases early and minimize risk factors.

The preventive examination has two objectives: primary prevention to avoid risk factors and secondary prevention for disease early detection.
Your general practitioner conducts a physical examination, discusses your medical history, and provides information about possible risk factors.

This is how a preventive examination typically proceeds:

Medical history (Anamnesis)

Using a questionnaire, the patient's health condition is assessed. Current and past complaints, previous treatments, family medical history, lifestyle habits, and medication intake are inquired about.

Physical examination

A physical examination gives the doctor a first impression of the patient's general state of health. Various areas of the body are examined:

• Inspection of the skin for abnormalities and changes

• Examination of neck mobility

• Palpation of the neck to assess the thyroid

• Palpation of lymph nodes, including the inguinal area and armpits

• Examination of the heart through pulse measurement and listening to the heart rhythm

• Auscultation of the lungs

• Palpation and auscultation of the abdomen to assess liver and intestinal activity

• Evaluation of joint mobility, tenderness, and swelling

• Examination of the spine to assess curvature and mobility

• Examination of vascular pulses and assessment of blood circulation in the arms and legs to detect arterial narrowing
  
  

Blood pressure & Body Mass Index (BMI)

Blood pressure is measured to check the normal range and detect potential hypertension. Additionally, the body mass index (BMI) is determined to assess the risk of overweight or underweight for health.

Blood and urine tests

A blood sample is taken to determine various values, such as blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). These values provide information about the risk of cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. In women, the complete blood count is also determined to detect anemia. A urine test is performed to identify diseases of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Additional tip: If you would like to have additional parameters tested, such as vitamin D or other specific examinations, you can discuss this with your doctor at the beginning.

Prevention of Age-related Diseases

For individuals aged 65 and older, special attention is given to assessing hearing and vision. A large number of people in this age group experience hearing impairments or visual impairments. Timely treatment can significantly improve their quality of life.

After completing the examinations, a closing conversation takes place between the doctor and the patient. During this discussion, the examination results are reviewed, and the current health condition is explained.

Gynecologist/Urologist: Specialized Prevention for Women and Men

It is recommended that women schedule an annual appointment with their gynecologist for a gynecological examination. This examination includes a manual breast examination, evaluation of the cervix, and a Pap smear for the early detection of cervical cancer. Pap smears for the early detection of cervical cancer are recommended starting from the age of 18. Additionally, depending on individual risk, a mammography screening may be recommended for the early detection of breast cancer. Women between the ages of 45 and 69 can undergo mammography examinations every 24 months to detect breast cancer early.

For men, the urologist is the appropriate healthcare provider for preventive care. Men should regularly schedule appointments with their urologist starting from the age of 50 to undergo a prostate examination. This examination typically involves a digital rectal examination and/or a PSA blood test for the early detection of prostate cancer.

Ophthalmologist: Regular Check-ups for Good Vision

Regular visits to the ophthalmologist are important for maintaining good vision and detecting potential eye problems early on. It is recommended to schedule an appointment with an ophthalmologist every 1-2 years, depending on age and individual risk for eye diseases. Your ophthalmologist will assess your vision and diagnose potential issues such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or eye conditions like glaucoma or cataracts.

Dentist: Oral Health for a Radiant Smile

Regular dental examinations are a crucial part of preventive care. It is recommended to schedule dental appointments twice a year to have your oral health checked and identify potential problems early on. In addition to examining your teeth and gums for diagnosing cavities, your dentist may also perform a professional teeth cleaning if needed. 

Dermatologist: Early Detection of Skin Cancer and Skin Conditions

A visit to the dermatologist serves to assess skin health. It is recommended to schedule an appointment with a dermatologist once a year, particularly if you have risk factors for skin cancer, such as fair skin, numerous moles, or a family history of skin cancer. The dermatologist will examine your skin for suspicious changes, signs of skin cancer, or other skin conditions.

Gastroenterologist: Coloscopy and Stool Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening

Colorectal cancer screening recommendations vary based on age and individual risk factors. Typically, it is recommended that individuals aged 50 and older undergo regular colonoscopies to detect polyps or signs of colorectal cancer. Alternatively, stool tests such as the guaiac-based test or the immunological stool test can be used for the early detection of colorectal cancer.

Radiologist: Bone Density Measurement for Osteoporosis Screening

Another important examination in preventive care is bone density measurement for the early detection of osteoporosis. This requires a visit to a specialized physician, such as a radiologist or an orthopedist. Bone density measurement allows for the assessment of bone stability and strength, as well as the estimation of the risk of fractures. It is recommended that women aged 65 and older and men aged 70 and older undergo bone density measurement. For individuals with an increased risk, such as early menopause in women or specific medical histories, the examination may be recommended earlier. Early detection of osteoporosis enables timely interventions to slow down disease progression and reduce the risk of fractures.

Cardiologist: Cardiovascular Examinations for Heart Health

A visit to the cardiologist to assess heart health is important for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases. Certain examinations, such as the exercise electrocardiogram (EKG), can help evaluate the heart's function during physical exertion. This procedure is often performed by an internist or a specialized cardiologist.

An exercise EKG measures the electrical signals of the heart during physical activity to identify irregularities or signs of circulatory disorders. During the test, electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to record the heart's activity while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. This allows the cardiologist to assess how the heart responds to stress and whether it is adequately supplied with blood.

The frequency of cardiovascular examinations, including exercise EKGs, may vary depending on individual risk factors and existing symptoms. It is recommended to consult with your primary care physician to determine whether a referral to a cardiologist for specific cardiovascular examinations is necessary.

Vaccinations: Protection against Infectious Diseases

Vaccinations also play an essential role in preventive health care. They strengthen the immune system and provide protection against serious infectious diseases. The recommended vaccinations may vary depending on age, health condition, and individual risk factors. It is recommended to regularly discuss your vaccination status with your doctor and ensure that you have received all the necessary vaccinations.

Summary of recommended frequencies for regular preventive examinations

• General Practitioner: Once a year.

• Gynecologist (Women) / Urologist (Men): Once a year for gynecological examinations or prostate examinations from the age of 50*.

• Ophthalmologist: Every 1-2 years.

• Dentist: Twice a year.

• Dermatologist: Once a year.

• Gastroenterologist: Colorectal cancer screening from the age of 50*. If the results are normal, it only needs to be repeated after 10 years.

• Radiologist: Bone density measurement for osteoporosis screening from the age of 65* in women and 70* in men.

• Cardiologist: Cardiac examinations such as exercise EKG may be necessary depending on individual risk factors and symptoms.

• Vaccinations: Regular updating of the vaccination status according to the recommended vaccines for age, health condition, and individual risk factors.

*or earlier, depending on individual risk factors.

Please note that these recommendations may vary depending on the country and medical guidelines. Therefore, I recommend checking the specific guidelines and recommendations of your place of residence and consulting with a doctor if needed.

Self-Monitoring Vital Parameters at Home for Preventive Care

In addition to regular preventive examinations conducted by healthcare professionals, there are certain vital parameters that individuals can monitor at home to stay proactive about their health. These self-monitoring practices can help detect potential issues early and provide valuable information for discussions with healthcare providers. Here are some vital parameters you can check at home and what you will need for each:
(The norm and threshold values for parameters apply to adults)

Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is an essential indicator of cardiovascular health. Monitoring your blood pressure regularly can help identify hypertension or low blood pressure. To measure blood pressure at home, you will need a reliable blood pressure monitor. Automatic digital monitors are widely available and easy to use. Follow the instructions provided with the device to ensure accurate readings.

• Optimal blood pressure: Below 120/80 mmHg

• High blood pressure (hypertension): 140/90 mmHg or higher

• Low blood pressure (hypotension): Below 90/60 mmHg
  
  

Body Temperature
Body temperature can indicate the presence of fever or infection. Having a digital thermometer at home allows you to measure your temperature when needed. There are various types of thermometers available, including oral, ear, forehead, and temporal artery thermometers.

1. Rectal Measurement

• Normal body temperature: 36-37.5 °C

• High body temperature (fever): Above 38 °C

• Low body temperature (hypothermia): Below 35 °C
  
  

2. Oral Measurement

• Normal body temperature: 35.5-37.5 °C

• High body temperature (fever): Above 37.8 °C

• Low body temperature (hypothermia): Below 35 °C
  
  

3. Tympanic Measurement

• Normal body temperature: 35.8-38 °C

• High body temperature (fever): Above 38.1 °C

• Low body temperature (hypothermia): Below 35.5 °C
  
  

4. Axillary Measurement

• Normal body temperature: 34.7-37.3 °C

• High body temperature (fever): Above 37.5 °C

• Low body temperature (hypothermia): Below 34 °C

Women may experience slight fluctuations in body temperature during the menstrual cycle.

Heart Rate
Monitoring your heart rate can provide insights into your cardiovascular fitness. Many fitness trackers, smartwatches, and smartphone apps include heart rate monitoring features. These devices use sensors to measure your pulse and provide real-time heart rate data. 

• Optimal resting pulse: 60-100 beats per minute

• High pulse (tachycardia): Above 100 beats per minute

• Low pulse (bradycardia): Below 60 beats per minute
  
  

Respiratory Rate
Monitoring your respiratory rate can provide information about your breathing pattern and lung function. It can be measured manually by counting the number of breaths per minute or using devices that track respiratory rate. Ensure that you are in a relaxed state and breathe normally when measuring.

• Normal respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths per minute

• Rapid respiration (tachypnea): Above 20 breaths per minute

• Slow respiration (bradypnea): Below 12 breaths per minute
  
  

Blood Glucose
For people who are at risk of diabetes or who have already been diagnosed with diabetes, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important. A blood glucose meter is used to measure blood sugar levels. It requires a small sample of blood obtained through a finger prick. 

Fasting blood sugar (after 8 hours of fasting):

• Optimal: Below 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)

• Prediabetes: 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L)

• Diabetes: 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher

Blood sugar levels can vary based on the time of day, meals, and individual circumstances.

Weight
Monitoring your weight can help you keep track of any significant changes. It's also helpful to measure your weight at the same time each day, preferably in the morning before eating or drinking.

The optimal weight depends on various factors such as age, gender, BMI, and the ratio of muscle mass to body fat percentage.

Body fat percentage

The body fat percentage indicates what percentage of the body's total weight is made up of fat. A high body fat percentage is associated with an increased risk of various health problems. There are several methods to measure body fat percentage. One simple way is to use a caliper and tape measure. Alternatively, you can take a look in the mirror and find comparison pictures online.

The optimal body fat percentage varies by gender and age. Here are general guidelines:

Women:

• Essential body fat percentage: 10-13%

• Athletic body fat percentage: 14-20%

• Average body fat percentage: 21-33%

• High body fat percentage: Above 33%

Men:

• Essential body fat percentage: 2-5%

• Athletic body fat percentage: 6-13%

• Average body fat percentage: 14-24%

• High body fat percentage: Above 24%

Oxygen Saturation (SpO2):
Oxygen saturation levels indicate how well your body is oxygenated. Monitoring SpO2 can be particularly important for individuals with respiratory conditions or during times of illness. Pulse oximeters are devices used to measure oxygen saturation levels. They typically clip onto your finger and provide a reading within seconds.

• Optimal oxygen saturation: Above 95%

• Low oxygen saturation (hypoxemia): Below 90%

Self-Check Practices for Early Detection

There are other body characteristics besides self-monitoring of vital signs that should be examined regularly.

Breast Self-Examination
By conducting regular self-examinations of the breast, you can more easily detect lumps, changes in shape or size, or other unusual symptoms. It is recommended to perform breast self-examinations monthly, ideally a few days after your menstrual period. If you have reached menopause, choose a specific day each month to perform the examination. 

Testicular Self-Examination
By regularly examining your testicles, you can identify any changes in size, shape, or texture, as well as the presence of lumps or swelling. It is recommended to perform testicular self-examinations monthly. The best time to perform the examination is after a warm bath or shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.

Skin Check
Perform a full-body skin check in a well-lit area, using a mirror to examine hard-to-see areas. Look for any moles or spots that have changed in size, shape, color, or texture, as well as any new growths or sores that don't heal. Pay close attention to areas exposed to the sun, including the face, neck, arms, and legs, as well as areas that are typically covered but still prone to skin cancer, such as the back and buttocks. 

Oral Self-Check
Use a bright light and a mirror to check for any abnormalities, such as sores, white or red patches, lumps, or swelling in the mouth, gums, tongue, or throat. Look for any changes in the appearance or texture of your oral tissues. Additionally, pay attention to your breath and any changes in taste or difficulty swallowing. 

Being Attentive to Physical Changes
In addition to regular self-check practices, it is crucial to stay attentive to any physical changes that may occur in your body. Paying close attention to your overall well-being and promptly addressing any unusual symptoms or concerns can contribute to early detection and better management of potential health issues. 

Self-checks can contribute to early detection, but are not a substitute for regular screening by healthcare professionals. If you notice any abnormal changes or unusual symptoms during self-checks, it is strongly recommended that you consult a physician for appropriate evaluation and advice.

Closing Words

Regular participation in preventive examinations, occasional self-examinations, and a healthy lifestyle are important for our health.  Although it may sometimes sound like a multitude of examinations, it is nevertheless sensible to detect and treat potential health issues early on before they develop into serious illnesses.